[Darryl Toerien Keymaster]

Very interesting question, Sara.

I will alert Chris Foster – Head of Student Research at Oakham School with responsibility for EPQ’s – to your question. He is also in the process of finishing off his PhD, which relied heavily on questionnaires, so he should have some thoughts on questionnaire design 🙂

I will also mention it Jenny Toerien – Curriculum Librarian for Upper School at Oakham School – as she is a Mathematics graduate and has been of enormous help to me in this regard.

I will also flag your question with the community more widely.

Darryl

[Darryl Toerien Keymaster]

Thanks for this, Elizabeth.

[Darryl Toerien Keymaster]

More Maths resources may be found on the Galileo Educational Network website, which is the professional learning arm of the Werklund School of Education at the University of Calgary.

See Designing Learning, and in particular Designing For Deep Mathematical Understanding and Math Fair Problems.

There are also a number of relevant Classroom Examples and some Math Investigations.

I don’t know how useful these resources are for Maths, but I flag them because there are some very helpful articles on inquiry, especially What is Inquiry?, which addresses some of the misconceptions about inquiry. There is also the excellent Focus on Inquiry (see below).

[Darryl Toerien]

This is an excellent question, Helen.

The Galileo Educational Network (GEN) defines/ describes inquiry as “a dynamic process of being open to wonder and puzzlement and coming to know and understand the world, and as such, it is a stance that pervades all aspects of life and is essential to the way in which knowledge is created”.

I would say, therefore, that we owe it to our pupils to help them make sense of what is going on in the news in a thoughtful and sensitive way, because if they are aware of something troubling they will think and worry about it with or without our hep. This, then, is a good example of inquiry as “a study into a worthy question, issue, problem or idea” (GEN), which may very well result in some sort of practical action, which would be a further benefit.

I happen to know that Elizabeth is away until tomorrow.

Please do share more if/ when you get a chance.

Darryl

• This reply was modified 2 months, 3 weeks ago by Darryl Toerien.

[Darryl Toerien Keymaster]

Thank you, Jennifer, and I think that this answers another question that I had, which was whether there was a companion-document to Focus on inquiry : a teacher’s guide to implementing inquiry-based learning for school librarians, but of course, in your educational paradigm school librarians are specialist teachers, which also explains, I think, why you and Dianne are based in the Department of Elementary Education at the University of Alberta.

Your definition of inquiry as the “dynamic process of being open to wonder and puzzlement and coming to know and understand the world” led me to the Galileo Educational Network – the professional learning arm of the Werklund School of Education at the University of Calgary – and specifically the page, What is Inquiry?

For us it is worth us dwelling on this question, because in our prevailing educational paradigm, inquiry is thought of “in terms of isolated projects, undertaken occasionally on an individual basis as part of a traditional transmissionary pedagogy,” as Gordon Wells puts it, if it is thought of at all. This stands in stark contrast to thinking of inquiry, following from the definition above, as “a stance that pervades all aspects of life and is essential to the way in which knowledge is created,” and from which a number of things follow.

(While on the Galileo Educational Network it is worth looking at Inquiry-Based Learning: A Review of the Research Literature (Friesen & Scott, 2013), which “draws on theory and research in the field to provide insight into the efficacy of particular approaches to inquiry in terms of their impact on student learning, achievement, and engagement”. The review includes Why Minimal Guidance During Instruction Does Not Work: An Analysis of the Failure of Constructivist, Discovery, Problem-Based, Experiential, and Inquiry-Based Teaching, by Kirschner, Sweller, & Clark (2006), as well as the excellent response by Hmelo-Silver, Duncan, and Chinn (2006), Scaffolding and Achievement in Problem-Based and Inquiry Learning: A Response to Kirschner, Sweller, and Clark.)

I’ll pause with 4 thoughts on the following passage from Focus on inquiry (p. 2):

Some of the research on this effect [inquiry-based learning improves student achievement] comes from studies of effective school library programs that are centres of inquiry-based learning. A school library program that is properly equipped and staffed can make a difference in terms of measurable gains in student achievement. School library factors alone can account for improvements of 2% to 9% in student achievement (Lance, 2001)*.

Firstly, “school library program” is not part of our vocabulary. Secondly and thirdly, are there guidelines on what constitutes “properly equipped and staffed”? Finally, I assume that there is a difference between educational achievement and attainment, but I am not exactly clear on what it is.

*Lance, K. C.  (2001).  Proof of the power:  Quality library media programs affect academic achievement. Multimedia Schools, 8(4), 14–16, 18, 20.

[Darryl Toerien Keymaster]

The Empire State Information Fluency Continuum was initially developed in New York City under the auspices of the Office of Library Services and Director Barbara Stripling as the New York City Information Fluency Continuum in 2009.

It was endorsed in 2012 by the School Library System of New York State (SLSA) and renamed the Empire State Information Fluency Continuum (2009/2012).

It was re-imagined in 2019 under the leadership of Barbara Stripling to “adapt to the changing information, education, and technology environments, as well as the increasing diversity in … student populations”.

It currently serves 3.2 million students in 4,236 schools in New York State alone.

[Darryl Toerien Keymaster]

My review of Global Action on School Library Education and Training has now been published and can be downloaded from here.

In my opinion the logic of the review as it was originally written has suffered somewhat from the editorial process.

Two very interesting topics in the Forum relating relating to school library education and training, both of which I will soon be updating, are Focus on Inquiry (started by Jennifer Branch-Mueller) and Academic school librarians (started by Blanche Woolls).

[Darryl Toerien Keymaster]

Thanks, Elizabeth – looking forward to the presentation.

[Darryl Toerien Keymaster]

Thank you, Blanche, for this profound insight into the nature of what we do, or are supposed to be doing.

From Jacques Ellul I learned that history is the consequence of ideas.

So where, and at what point in the history of American school libraries, did the idea of the school librarian as essentially an academic librarian emerge from (or is this worded too strongly)?

And was it then the school librarian as academic librarian who gave shape to the school library as academic library through what they did? Or did the demands of the school library as academic library give shape to the school librarian as academic librarian?

Crucially, how then does the education and training of the school librarian as academic librarian come about? For example, you mentioned in your email to me that Peggy Sullivan was able to join you for the Louisville Symposium on 14 November, and that she was the first full-time faculty member hired to build a program for school librarians at the University of Pittsburgh. When was this, and were programs for school librarians in place at other universities by then, and were these programs for school librarians as academic librarians, or did that develop later?

I ask these many questions because we find ourselves in a moment when the idea that will produce the next chapter in our history of school libraries is emerging, and my great concern is that not all ideas about school libraries will produce a history that actually includes school libraries.

Furthermore, I am more convinced than I have ever been that the central idea upon which the future of our history of school libraries rests, and around which all other ideas about the school library must cohere, is the idea of the school librarian as academic librarian.

Finally, a confession … I recently got hold of School Librarianship: Past, Present, and Future (Alman, 2017), which includes a chapter on the development of school libraries in the United States (Weeks & Barlow), and I also have your Timeline of School Libraries from the draft of Symposium of the Greats: Wisdom from the Past & A Glimpse into the Future of School Libraries (Loertscher & Woolls, 2019). So, on some level, and given sufficient time, I imagine I could answer some/most/all of these questions for myself, but those answers would lack the insight that comes from your direct and personal experience. Please, therefore, do not take my questions as evidence of laziness.

Darryl

Alman, S. W. (Ed.). (2017). School Librarianship: Past, Present, and Future. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.

Loertscher, D. V., & Woolls, B. (Eds.). (2019). Symposium of the Greats: Wisdom from the Past & A Glimpse into the Future of School Libraries. Salt Lake City: Learning Commons Press.

[Darryl Toerien Keymaster]

Thank you, Jennifer, and welcome.

I have started to work through the document and it is very helpful, and very accessible.

For context, would you briefly describe the pathway to becoming a teacher-librarian in Alberta, and is this the same elsewhere in Canada?

Also, a cheeky request, if possible: do you know a teacher-librarian who might be willing and able join the discussion?

[Darryl Toerien Keymaster]

Hello, Chris, and welcome.

Just on my way back from Guernsey – I’m very pleased to have met you.

How soon do you intend to start, and how long to do you plan to spend on the inquiry?

[Darryl Toerien Keymaster]

Thank you, Susan.

Many interesting things to think about here – I’ll try to put thought to paper later.

[Darryl Toerien Keymaster]

Hello, Susan, and welcome. The requirement to start with the research question was internal, but I seem to recall that the previous EE specification contributed to this expectation, if it didn’t actually create it. Even though we have realigned our EE timetable to more accurately reflect our growing understanding of the inquiry process (see E&L Memo 0 | Developing inquiring minds: a journey from information through knowledge to understanding), we still have some way to go in helping all supervisors to fully understand and effectively support this process, which is, as you suggest, the difference between finding information to answer a question (that may not even be your own) to discovering for yourself  a question is that worth the effort of answering. I’d certainly be curious to hear more about your supervisor training and/or support.

[Darryl Toerien Keymaster]

Thank you, Ruth, and a pleasure to meet you. Please let us know how you get on, and if there is anything else that we can do to enable your work.

[Darryl Toerien Keymaster]

Thanks for this excellent and important question, Ruth.

Citing and referencing is explicitly part of the Express stage, which is consistent with other models of the inquiry process and information literacy definitions; i.e., it is when sharing what I have found that acknowledging my intellectual and informational debt to others is formally required. In fact, our journey to FOSIL started with a search for a framework of information literacy skills that would help us to actually prepare our students for the IB DP EE requirements for students to cite and reference according to a recognised academic style. The Empire  State Information Fluency Continuum, which fortuitously turned out to be a framework of inquiry skills and accompanying model of the inquiry process, locates citing and referencing at the following points in the framework:

• Year 11: “Cites all sources used according to standard style formats”. We chose APA for the EE for a number of reasons.
• Year 8: “Cites all sources used according to local style formats”. We chose APA as our house style for the same reasons and for consistency.
• Year: 6: “Cites all sources used according to model provided by teacher” (includes librarian). As above.

However, because the Empire  State Information Fluency Continuum, which FOSIL grew out of, is aimed at “building understanding and creating new knowledge through inquiry”, there is a concern with sources that runs through the entire Cycle:

• Connect: What do I already know, which may require some investigation, and how certain am I of this knowledge?
• Wonder: What don’t I know and/or what am I not certain of, and where might I find this out?
• Investigate: We tried to make the concern with sources explicit in the description of this stage – “Knowing what scholarly resources are available and being able to use them effectively”.
• Construct: While all of the stages are important, this stage is crucial as it shifts the emphasis from finding information to thinking with the information. Interestingly, because the emphasis is on what students think about the information that they have found in response to their informational need, so theirconcern with the intelligibility and reliability of their sources is slowly growing, and so is their desire to point his out. This is addressing academic honesty in a proactive and positive way. Also, we tried to make the concern with sources explicit in the description of this stage – “Building an accurate understanding based on factual evidence”.
• Express. This is where citing and referencing is explicitly located. It is worth pointing out here that when we first started, most colleagues viewed citing and referencing as a technical skill, and there is a technical element to it, but it is more properly an academic skill – working with other people’s ideas and information – that students need to be taught and given opportunities to practice in in all academic disciplines (subjects). In our experience, most cases of academic dishonesty are a consequence of students lacking proficiency in this academic skill (especially if their preparation for the EE has been GCSEs). The majority of colleagues are now starting to recognize this, and again, this is addressing academic honesty in a proactive and positive way. Also, we tried to make the concern with sources explicit in the description of this stage – “Making the most compelling case given your evidence and audience”.
• Reflect. As a reflection on the process and outcome, a concern with academic honesty is implicit.

More concretely, the resources that we have been developing to enable the stages in the process make this concern with academic honesty explicit and unavoidable. The most obvious example is the Investigative Journal (follow link for downloadable versions of our current Lower School – Years 6-8, Middle School – Years 9-11, and Upper School – Years 12-13, versions. Images below.), which is designed to help students think (Construct) with the information that they have found (Investigate). However, as they will need to formally cite and reference their sources (Express), this is included in the Investigative Journal. This is having the effect of slowly normalizing this complex behavior from Year 6 through to Year 13, as well as for colleagues, and, again, this is addressing academic honesty in a proactive and positive way.

As for the peer marking, I think that this is an excellent idea, especially if the focus is on assessing [and rewarding] the quality of each other’s sources rather than ‘catching each other out’ for academic dishonesty, which I think is a small but significant shift in emphasis with far-reaching consequences.

Darryl

 

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